History
1059
General
Population: 282 Million*
- Religion: Death of Pope Benedict X, Pope Nicholas II
Papal decree from Nicholas II establishes papal elections by cardinals only
Gregory elected contrary to reforms, excommunicates all married priests
Treaty of Melfi - Robert Guiscard and Richard of Aversa Prince of Capua become papal vassals
- Deaths: Eastern Emperor Isaac Comnenus, Pope Benedict X
Europe
- England: Cold followed by plague and famine in England
- France: Philip I becomes coregent in France
End of period of repeated famines throughout France
- German States: Work begins on Bonn Cathedral
Middle East
- Byzantine Empire: Death of Eastern Emperor Isaac Comnenus
? Constantine X becomes Eastern Emperor