History
1659
General
Population: 559 Million*
- Entertainment: Writers include Corneille Oedipe, John Day (Drama), Molière (comedy), Joodt van den Vondel (tragedy),
Henry More (immortality), William Somner (Latin-English dictionary),
Art includes Velazques "Infante Philip Prosper" and "Infanta Maria Teresa", Vermeer "Young Girl with Flute"
- Medicine: English physician Thomas Willis describes first typhoid fever
- Science: Fermat's theory of probability
- Deaths: Cromwell
Americas
- Canada: First bishop in Quebec
Asia
- India: Last rains in India for several years
Emperor Aurangzeb becomes last great Moghul emperor
Europe
- General: Treaty of Pyrenees between France and Spain
End of war between England and Spain
- England: Death of Cromwell - England in Anarchy
Derby petition for permanent settlement of the constitutional crisis between army and Parliament
Richard Cromwell (son) trys to call Parliament - resigns when army forces him to flee – months of confusion follow
English fined for celebrating Christmas
"Rump" Parliament restored
- German States: The "Great Elector" Frederick William drives Swedes out of Prussia
Prussian State Library in Berlin founded
- Holy Roman Empire: Leopold I rules Hapsburg House
- Scotland: General Monck of Scotland released from command
Midwest
- Pierre Esprit Radisson and Medart Chouart de Grosellier reach Minnesota