History
1691
General
Population: 622 Million*
- Entertainment: Writers include Claude Fleury (history of churches), Kaspar Stieler, Henry Wharton, Anthony a Wood
Music includes Purcel (King Arthur opera with libretto by John Dryden), Andreas Werckmeister
- Religion: Death of Pope Alexander VIII – Antonio-Spinazzola becomes Pope Innocent XII
- Science: Leibniz writes regarding geology
Naturalist John Ray writes book suggesting fossils are remains of animals from distant past
- Deaths: Dutch landscape painter Aelbert Cuyp, Physicist Robert Boyle, Dramatist George Etherege, Pope Alexander VIII, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman III
Europe
- England: New East India Company formed in London
Christian Faith Society for West Indies founded in London
Rebellion in Ireland settled by Treaty of Limerick
England fights against Louis XIV
- France: First directory of addresses published in paris
- Holy Roman Empire: Austrians win and strengthen grip on Transylvania from Ottoman Empire
- Ireland: Confiscation of Irish land by England - rebellion - settled by Treaty of Limerick - also guarantees Catholics their religious freedoms (temporary)
- Spain: Leonardo de Figueroa creates Magdalene Church in Seville
Middle East
- Ottoman Empire: Ottoman Turks defeated at Szcelankemen (Szalankemen) – Mustafa Kiuprili killed in action
Sultan Suleiman III of Turkey dies – succeeded by Ahmad II (Ahmet II)
East
- Maryland: Maryland a royal colony
- Massachusetts: Massachusetts absorbs Plymouth colony and is given new charter