History
1261
General
Population: 420 Million*
- Medicine: Thaddeus Florentinus teaches medicine at Bologna University
- Religion: Death of Pope Alexander IV – Pope Urban IV (Jecques Pantaléon Tryoes) elected to 1264
- Deaths: Pope Alexander IV
Europe
- Austria: Ottokar II obtains Styria
- England: King Henry III violates Provisions of Oxford with Pope's blessing
Middle East
- Byzantine Empire: Michael VIII Palaeologus regains Constantinople - Greeks end Latin empire in Constantinople
Paleologi (Byzantine authority) established
End of Empire of Nicaea in Byzantine Empire