PEACH

History

1648

Population: 545 Million*

Entertainment: Writers include Madeline de Scudery, Paul Scarron, John Lilburne (freedom), John Stearne Confirmation and Discovery of Witchraft,
Art includes Claude Lorrain "Embarcation of the Queen of Sheba", Rembrandt "The Pilgrims at Emmaus", Ribera "The Holy Family with St. Catherine"
Music includes Heinrich Schutz, Aria and recitative become standards in opera
Religion: George Fox founds Society of Friends (Quakers)
Sabbatai Zevi self-proclaimed Messiah founds Jewish sect
Science: J.R. Glauber obtains hydrochloric acid
John Wilkins writes "Mathematical Magic"
Technology: Mirrors and chandeliers manufactured
Deaths: Dramatist Tirso de Molina, Philosopher Marin Mersenne, Poet Vincent Voiture, King Christian IV of Denmark, Composer Johann Stadlmayr, Ottoman leader Ibrahim murdered

General: End of 30 Years War in Europe with Treaty of Westphalia allowing Calvinism and Lutheranism – is condemned by Pope Innocent X
France and Spain continue to fight despite treaty
Belgium: Independence
Denmark: Death of King Christian IV – succeeded by Frederick III
England: English (Second) Civil War – Cromwell demands end of allegiance to the king – King's concessions rejected – Charles I to trial
King conspires with Scots to invade England - Scots defeated
Pride's Purge – Presbyterians expelled from Parliament which is now known as "the Rump"
France: The Frondes – revolts against Mazarin's rule as Parlement defies French king
France gets part of Alsace and Lorraine
German States: U of Bamberg founded
Population of Germany has sunk from 17 million in 1618 to eight million owing to war famine and plague
Holland: Independence from Spain (treaty of Westphalia)
Jacob van Campen creates Amsterdam town hall
Poland: John II Casmir succeeds brother Vladislav IV as King of Poland
Scotland: Second Civil war against England defeated at Preston - Cromwell defeats Scots Conenanters
Spain: Maples restored to Spanish rule
Switzerland: Independence

Ottoman Empire: Ibrahim the Ottoman leader is deposed and murdered – son Mehmet IV rules Turkey