History
1649
General
Population: 545 Million*
- Entertainment: Writers include Andreas Gryphius (tragedy about Charles I), Richard Lovelace Lucasta, Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld (religious poems - posthumous),
René Descartes, John Lilburne (agreement of free people of England), John Milton (defense of Charles I's execution)
Art includes Gerard Terborch "Philip IV of Spain", Velazquez "Pope Innocent X"
Music includes Cavalli "Giasone" opera,
- Medicine: Dutch physician Isvrand de Diemerbrock publishes his study of the plague
- Technology: Blaise Pascal invents calculating machine
- Deaths: Charles I of England beheaded - axed, Artist David Teniers the Elder, Governor John Winthrop, Sultan Ibrahim of Turkey murdered,
Author William Drummond of Hawthornden, Sir Arthur Aston beaten to death with his wooden leg during Siege of Drogheda
Americas
- Canada: Huron tribe of Ontario dispersed by Iroquois and some flee and others join Iroquois
Europe
- England: Charles I tries to divide England again
Charles tried for treason - keeps hat on head as sign of disrespect
Charles I executed - Britain ruled by commonwealth until 1660
Cromwell appointed chairman of Council of State
English replaces Latin as language of all legal documents
Kingship abolished by parliament - crown smashed and term "king" attempted to be removed from language
Prince of Wales in exile at The Hague takes title Charles II and is proclaimed king by Scots in Edinburgh as long as he supports Presbyterianism
First British navy frigate constructed
Free enterprise in England receives state support
- France: War of the Fronde begins – the court leaves Paris
Treaty of Ruel ends first Fronde of France – court returns after treaty signed starting second Fronde
- Holy Roman Empire: Standing army established in Austria
- Ireland: Cromwell initiates campaigns and puts down Catholic rebellion with great severity sacking Drogheda and Wexford
- Russia: Serfdom legally established
Middle East
- Ottoman Empire: Sultan Ibrahim deposed and murdered – son Mohammed IV rules
East
- General: Smallpox outbreak in New England
- Maryland: Maryland Assembly passes act of toleration for any religion professing belief in Holy Trinity
Puritain exiles from Virginia settle in Providence MD
- Massachusetts: Death of John Winthrop the first governor of Massachusetts Bay colony