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General

Population: Between 190 and 230 million*

• Philosophy: Plato's nephew Speusippus commits suicide and Xenocrates becomes head of Athens Academy (339 BC)
  Aristotle founds Lyceum in Athens (335 BC)
  Zeno responds to Epicurus by starting Stoics - belief that suffering leads to good (334 BC)
• Warfare: Fourth Sacred War (339-338 BC)
  Alexander re-defeats Darius III at Gaugamela (331 BC)
• Deaths: Speusippus of the Athens Academy (339 BC), Isocrates the orator (338 BC), Philip II of Macedon (336 BC), Darius III of Persia (330 BC), Greek sculptor Praxiteles (330 BC)

Africa

• General: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Syria, Tyre, and jerusalem (332 BC)
• Egypt: Port of Alexandria founded (332 BC)

Europe

• General: Treaty between Gaul and Rome (334 BC)
• Britain: Greek Pytheas of Masilla (Marseilles) reaches Britain (330 BC)
• Greece: Macedonian conquests start under Philip II - defeats Athens (339-338 BC)
  Philip II of Macedonia assassinated and son Alexander III (the Great) rules to 323 BC (336 BC)
  Alexander destroys Thebes (335 BC)
  Aristotle returns to Athens (335 BC)
  Choragic monument of Lysicrates of Athens built (335 BC)
  Alexander the Great begins conquests (334 BC)
  End of Macedonian conquests with 200,000 dead (332 BC)
  Founding of Ancient Epirus to 167 (Balkans / Greek area) (330 BC)
  Spartans under Agis defeated by Antipater of Macedon (330 BC)
  Greek artists employed at court of Alexander (330 BC)
• Italian States: Roman coins minted (338 BC)
  Latin states unite around Rome after battle of Trifanum (338-336 BC)
  End of Gallic invasion of Rome with 10,000 dead (334 BC)

Middle East

• General: End of Kingdom of Ammon (East of Israel) (334 BC)
  Tyre and Phoenicia captured by Alexander (333 BC)
  Mesopotamia and Seleucid Empires fall to Alexander of Macedonia (331 BC)
• Judaea: Judaea becomes semi-independent (330 BC)
• Mesopotamia: First defeat of Darius II at River Granicus (334 BC)
  Alexander occupies Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis (330 BC)
• Persia: Darius III becomes king (339 or 336 BC)
  Alexander conquers Darius III at Battle of Issus (333 BC)
  Persian queen and children captured (333 BC)
  Renewal or Roman campaign against Persia - Alexander goes on to sack Persepolis (331 BC)
  Darius III of Persia murdered ending Persian empire (330 BC)
• Turkey: Alexander invades Anatolia (334 BC)